The first plastic that biodegrades at the microscopic level

US Experts developed a new plant-based plastic, ground it into microparticles, and then used three tools to test its biodegradability.

Conventional microplastics can take between 100 and 1,000 years to decompose. Photo: Whitehoune/iStock — Conventional microplastics can take between 100 and 1,000 years to decompose. Photo: *Whitehoune/iStock*

Microplastics are tiny, nearly indestructible fragments of everyday plastic products. A team of experts at the University of California San Diego and the materials science company Algenesis developed a plant-based polymer that is biodegradable, even at the microplastic level, in less than seven months, Science Daily reported on March 25. Note that all plastics are polymers, but not all polymers are plastics.

"We're trying to find alternatives to current materials and ensure that the alternative materials will biodegrade at the end of their useful life instead of accumulating in the environment," said Michael Burkart, professor of chemistry and biochemistry, a member of the research team and co-founder of Algenesis. The new research is published in the journal Nature Scientific Reports.

To test its biodegradability, the team ground the new material into tiny microparticles and used three different measuring tools to confirm that when added to compost, the material was digested by bacteria.

The first tool is a respirometer. As bacteria break down compost material, they release CO2, which can be measured by a respirometer. The results are then compared to the breakdown of cellulose, considered the industry standard for 100% biodegradability. The new plant-based polymer matches cellulose almost 100%.

Next, the team used a water flotation method. The plastic floats and is insoluble in water, so it can be easily scooped up. At 90 and 200 days, almost 100% of the petroleum-based microplastics were recovered, indicating that they were not biodegradable. However, after 90 days, only 32% of the algae-based microplastics were recovered, meaning that more than two-thirds had biodegraded. After 200 days, this number dropped to 3%, meaning that 97% had disappeared.

The final tool involves chemical analysis via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS), which detects the presence of the monomers that make up the plastic, indicating that the polymer has been broken down into its original plant materials.

“This material is the first plastic that has been shown to leave no microplastics behind when used. Not only is this a sustainable solution for product lifecycles and crowded landfills, but it’s also a plastic that doesn’t make us sick,” said study co-author Stephen Mayfield, a professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of California San Diego and co-founder of Algenesis.

The challenge now is how to apply the new material to devices that were originally designed for traditional plastics. Algenesis is making some progress in this process. It has partnered with several companies to produce products using UC San Diego’s plant-based polymers, including Trelleborg, which makes coated fabrics, and RhinoShield, which makes cell phone cases.

Thu Thao (According to Science Daily )

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